NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is naturally present in your cells and is essential for normal metabolism. Its best-established biological roles—and therefore the areas behind many proposed benefits—include:
- Energy production: NAD+ helps convert nutrients into cellular energy (ATP), particularly through mitochondrial metabolism.
- DNA repair: It is required by enzymes involved in repairing damaged DNA.
- Cellular function and signaling: NAD+ is used by enzymes such as sirtuins and PARPs that regulate cellular stress responses, metabolism, and DNA maintenance.
- Healthy aging research: NAD+ levels can decline with age in some tissues, which has led to interest in raising NAD+ as a potential way of addressing age-related metabolic changes.
- Metabolic health: NAD+ pathways are involved in glucose and fat metabolism, although whether NAD+-boosting treatments provide meaningful benefits in healthy people remains uncertain.
- Exercise/recovery: NAD+ is important for muscle energy metabolism, but evidence that NAD+ injections or supplements noticeably improve strength, endurance, or recovery is currently limited.
An important distinction is that NAD+ being essential to the body doesn’t automatically mean that injecting or supplementing additional NAD+ provides the same benefits. Claims such as dramatic anti-aging, increased testosterone, rapid fat loss, or major performance enhancement aren’t currently well supported by high-quality human evidence.
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